To complete a research paper, scientists need to know the current
state of knowledge in the field. This is accomplished through a review
of the scholarly literature. Keep in mind, scholarly literature is
generally peer-reviewed to ensure that it is not merely opinions. The
literature review is critical to determine potential
“gaps” in the literature that your study will address
AND/OR to place your study in a theoretical base.
Ideally, find a literature review already published and build off
that (time-saving!) Do note time of publication: usually literature evolves fast and
requires frequent updates.
Literature review is one of the most fun parts in doing research--you
will read scholarly literature about the topic of your interest! And
by doing so, you'll become an expert in the field.
Literature review is usually the first step in research process--you
need to first find out what we know so far, so that you can conduct
informed research. These days literature review is very easy--just use
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/
A really good overview of doing literature review for is in a video
below (note: rather for masters (say MPA) students or really fundamentals for PhDs).
There are couple of things that we should pay attention to. First
obvious question is how do i tell good article from bad? Google
scholar will typically return thousands of hits and you need to be
able to narrow down. First thing to do would be to adjust the
query--these first hits will be those that match the query, so it really matters a great deal what your query is! So -
think about it, and try many different ones. Sometimes
have to put the phrase in quotes; otherwise it matches each word separately.
Also do note number of citations: publications that are cited more are
in general better, but factor in the fact that older articles will
have more cites.
Especially for the best articles click "Cited by" to see who
cites that article--if there is a very good article and one that you
are really interested in, those that cite it, are probably worth looking at too. In general, you may want to have a look at publications that are either very close to what you are doing or are very important--typically widely cited
(say hundreds of citations) or very good publication outlet,
typically a good peer reviewed journal or a book from a good
press.
For many, or indeed most publications, do not read the whole
thing--just skim through the abstract; sometimes skim through results and maybe conclusion--only read the very best and
most relevant publications, do not waste time on irrelevant ones, it
is easy to get yourself overwhelmed. This is super important! One of
the key pieces of advice here.
Organize right away!: annotated bibliography, mark up pdfs, do free
writing--just dump it all right away! (organize and polish later) :)
May want to skip too complex
math/stats or too complex language (especially if very advanced
and/or not in your area (usually this is the case for masters (eg
MPA) students)).
Note that it is easy to add the article to the references list of your
paper--from the list of results in Google Scholar for each found item there are quotation marks that you can click to pop up reference in APA and other formats, and then just copy-paste to Word document
A final note on conducting lit rev: it is difficult!
Perhaps contrary to an initial impression, doing a literature review
is difficult! People almost always end up in copy-paste mode where
they briefly summarize each research piece in a paragraph--this is
wrong! again you need to
synthesize/critique, add your own
value added! So you may want to go
through the above material more than
once to have it sinked in and also
look at the examples in
academic/professional literature. A
quick good from RAND Center
for Policing report:
“Concerns about recruiting minorities and women that dominated
police recruitment discussions decades ago have now expanded to
concerns that the profession is failing to market itself to a new
generation of workers (COPS, 2009b). Personnel costs comprise 75 to 85
percent of police department budgets, underscoring the importance of
hiring, recruiting, and selecting the best candidates, even in
uncertain times (Orrick, 2008a; White and Escobar, 2008). Agencies
have little guidance for recruitment strategies, so difficulties
persist. Jordan et al. (2009) found that only one in five agencies had
targeted recruitment strategies for women and minorities. White and
Escobar (2008, p. 120) lament police agencies’ unwillingness to
“sell themselves” when recruiting for diversity. As the
diversity and breadth of the communities that agencies serve expands,
agencies might face difficulties in recruiting officers for positions
that are increasingly complex, require new competencies, or require
interaction with communities whose needs they do not always know or
understand (Wilson et al. 65).”
Note it's a narrative with value added more than the citations or
summaries of them, it's a new narrative that
synthesizes/integrates what we already know in a new way.
Some more resources, if you still need more
elaboration:
https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html
http://mashable.com/2014/12/03/google-scholar-guide
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wncPoUS1xJw
http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/googlescholar/searching